Largest Capital Cities of the United States

The​ United States of America is one of the worlds largest countries based on both population (over 300 million) and area. It is made up of 50 individual states and Washington, D.C., its national capital. Each of these states also has its own capital city and other very large and small cities. These state capitals, however, vary in size but all are important to politics in the states. Interestingly, though, some of the largest and most important cities in the U.S. like New York City, New York and Los Angeles, California are not the capitals of their states. There are many more capital cities in the U.S. that are very large when compared to other, small capital cities. The following is a list of the ten largest capital cities in the U.S. For reference, the state that they are in, along with the population of the states largest city (if it is not the capital) has also been included. All population numbers were obtained from City-data.com. The city population figures are estimates of 2016 populations.1. Phoenix†¢ Population: 1,513, 367†¢ State: Arizona†¢ Largest City: Phoenix3. Austin†¢ Population: 885,400†¢ State:  Texas†¢ Largest City: Houston (2,195,914)   3. Indianapolis †¢ Population: 852,506†¢ State: Indiana†¢ Largest City: Indianapolis​4. Columbus†¢ Population: 822,553†¢ State: Ohio†¢ Largest City: Columbus5. Boston†¢ Population: 645,996†¢ State: Massachusetts†¢ Largest City: Boston6. Denver†¢ Population: 649,495  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ State: Colorado†¢ Largest City: Denver7.   Nashville†¢ Population: 660,393†¢ State: Tennessee†¢ Largest City: Memphis (653,450)8. Oklahoma City†¢ Population: 638,311†¢ State: Oklahoma†¢ Largest City: Oklahoma City 9. Sacramento†¢ Population: 479,686†¢ State:  California†¢ Largest City: Los Angeles (3,884,307)​10. Atlanta†¢ Population: 446,841†¢ State: Georgia†¢ Largest City: Atlanta

The Sports Energy Drink Industry - 1102 Words

This case study written by Krupa Kansaru on the history of Red Bull and their success in making the sports energy drink market what it is today has shown the key strengths of the company. The obvious strength that the Red Bull company has a unique and early start in the sports energy drink industry. CEO Dietrich Mateschitizin was quoted in the case study, he says that â€Å"if we don’t create the market, it doesn’t exists,† this quote parallels with Red Bull as a whole. Starting in the 1980s Red Bull used abstract marketing strategies involving differentiation, â€Å"word of mouth†, and buzz marketing to popularize the product instead of using a traditional approach by launching their product and waiting to integrate it into mainstream media. Red Bull thrusted itself into communicating with its customers and fan base by launching events, working closely with event coordinators, and strategic product placement. Red Bull also holds much strength by associati ng the product and brand with athletics and extreme sports. Targeting a younger generation and portraying the idea of a â€Å"fuller and freer life† has proven to truly engage the popular culture and counter culture alike. It is stated in the case study that Red Bull holds a seventy percent market share in over one hundred countries statistics like that show the company’s true strength especially compared to competitors like Monster and Rockstar. Weaknesses Using the platform of epic adventures and excited living Red Bull gained manyShow MoreRelatedThe Energy And Sports Drink Industry1103 Words   |  5 PagesThe energy and sports drink industry has been around for more than forty years. In those years the industry has gained many competitors. These competitors are competing to be the most innovative and the best among its competition. 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The strengths in the energy drink industry are its â€Å"quick fix† for consumers; their products serve as a quick burst of energy for their target consumers of people on the go. Other strengths include the high brand awareness and relative attractiveness in the industry. Everyone knows what energy drinks are and the purpose they serve so companies in this industry do not haveRead MorePepsico s Gatorade Brand And Its Impact On The World s Premier Consumer Products1321 Words   |  6 Pagesmany sports-themed beverages as well as food products. The Gatorade beverages are based on the oral rehydration therapy, which involves drinking sugar and salt mixed water for the purpose of rehydrating. The Gatorade brand uses carbohydrates and electrolytes to replenish athletes after rigorous physical activity (Gatorade, 2014). Gatorade sweetens their drinks using a mixture of sucrose-dextrose, which reduces the calorie count of the beverage. 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Through a SWOT analysis, I will analyze this markets’ main components. The strengths of energy drinks are the specific branding, low rivalry, mainstream products, low pricing points, and powerful sponsorships. Each energy drink producer has a specific brand

Olladas Critique Paper War is a Tender Thing Final Draft Free Essays

In the case of Disdain Rumples parents, It’s both. How they choose to react to the situation is what determines their destiny. Disdain’s mother shows indifference to a number of political issues in the beginning. We will write a custom essay sample on Olladas Critique Paper War is a Tender Thing Final Draft or any similar topic only for you Order Now Her character is stoic. The way she answers her daughters questions suggests she doesn’t care about any of it at all. The film also introduces that Disdain’s mother is Christian while her father is a Muslim. For Christians, the most important ideal is â€Å"to love your enemies and die in the pursuit of ringing them love†. On the other hand, for Muslims, it’s fighting the enemies of Islam and dying as a martyr of Allah. Sacrifice is an important ideal in both religions but its meaning in each religion is completely opposed. â€Å"A Christian can never be in love with a Muslim†, she says as she talks about the conflict between Christians and Muslims and how it was at fault, in some way, for her separation with Disdain’s father. Moreover, there’s a certainty in her voice, as if no one can have a say in her decision, when she makes up her mind to end heir marriage. But what one fails to recognize while watching her, what one may think is an act of selfishness, is actually an act of selflessness. â€Å"I’d rather we be separated and he be alive than we be together and he be dead. † These are the words of her mother that really struck me. Any woman who loves her husband very much has an extreme fear of losing him but in the film, Disdain’s mother was able to cast out that fear because of her deep love. She prefers to be far from her husband so his life could be spared, so that he could be safe. Personally, saw the film as something astonishingly moving; how it was able to remarkably express that feeling of wanting and loving something or someone you know you cannot possibly have because of all the wars and religious conflicts; how the mother’s strong yet affectionate personality captured the core and soul of the title itself; the way the scenes were shot-?so very frank and forthright. Perhaps its simplicity-?having the camera record what everyone has to say without using special effects or requiring the people to wear make-up or to dress up-?is what makes it exceptional. The pureness of the idea about the coexistence betwixt love and war that Disdain Arum presents in the film is undeniably impressive. Everyone has a different definition of love. Love to one person is letting go even if it hurts. For others, love is to give something up for someone to be in a better situation. But for Disdain’s mother, love is those two definitions put together. It is the very essence of the courage, especially in their situation, to do the right thing even when the cost is great. That, my friend, is fearless love. How to cite Olladas Critique Paper War is a Tender Thing Final Draft, Essays

Machiavelli’s Political Ideas and Influence free essay sample

The Renaissance took place in Italy during the fourteenth through sixteenth centuries. The Renaissance was a â€Å"rebirth† and revival of political and social ideas from the Ancient Greek and Roman eras. One social ideal of the Renaissance was Humanism. Humanism was a Renaissance idea that emphasis human potential and ability. A political idea from the Renaissance was political realism. Political realism is when a ruler accomplishes goals in the interest of state and does not mind resorting to violence if necessary. A major author and political figure from the Renaissance who embodied political realism was Niccolo Machiavelli. Machiavelli was a Florentine born in 1469 and lived during the crux of the Renaissance. Before his career as an author Machiavelli was a Florentine ambassador in France and The Holy Roman Empire. Machiavelli studied Renaissance humanism and political realism. As a reaction to what he saw in the north, In 1513 Machiavelli wrote The Prince, which explained his ideas and experiences from his time as an ambassador. The Prince was a how-to book on how to rule a country and how to conduct yourself as ruler. After Machiavelli wrote the Prince he became a chief political figure in the Medici. The Medici were a wealthy banking family that consolidated power in Florence. Machiavelli worked as a political advisor to the family until he died in 1527. Machiavelli’s discusses his ideas in The Prince. In the Prince Machiavelli explains his unique and different ideas such as political realism and ruling with the best interests of the state. Also he influenced rulers in the Renaissance, and today in modern political theory. Before writing The Prince Machiavelli was an ambassador in France and the Holy Roman Empire. During his time in Northern Europe as an ambassador Machiavelli concluded that the people in the north were barbaric, but if there was a war between Italy and one of the Northern European states the Italians would loose since Italy did not have a free standing army. A second reason for writing The Prince was to gain high political status with the Medici family. The third and most important reason why Machiavelli wrote The Prince was to question the work of Ancients, in particular Livy, and to give is opinion of how a prince should rule his country. As Machiavelli said in his Discourses on Livy, † It is necessary to whoever arranges to found a Republic and establish laws in it, to presuppose that all men are bad and that they will use their malignity of mind every time they have the opportunity. † These were the stepping-stones for Machiavelli’s reasons for writing The Princ e. In The Prince Machiavelli outlines certain characteristics and qualities that he believes a prince should have. One certain characteristic was a prince should be very deceitful. He thought that if a prince is deceitful he is also unpredictable and your enemy could never calculate the prince’s next move. Machiavelli believes a prince should, â€Å"appear to have them is useful; to appear merciful, faithful, religious upright, and to be so, but with a mind framed that should you require not to be so, you may be able and know how to change to the opposite. † By showing good qualities the people think their prince is merciless. But if he can possess the polar opposite qualities as well, a prince can be unpredictable to their enemy. If a prince were to take Machiavelli’s advice his enemies could not overthrow him. A second idea Machiavelli discusses in The Prince is, a prince should rule with the best intensions for the state. Ona Matei, a professor at Western University of Arad, wrote an essay on Machiavelli’s ideas on civic virtues and said, â€Å"A man who never abandons the task of searching the common good for the community/the state he rules and who posses all the necessary virtues in order to accomplish this task† If a prince accomplishes tasks with the best interest of the state he will be well liked by his subjects and won’t be threatened to leave power. Also if a prince is well liked by his subjects it is much easier to accomplish tasks with the interest of the state. By ruling with interest a prince can be forced to leave power by his subjects. Machiavelli’s third topic is his biggest concern for Italy. After working as an ambassador he noticed that the â€Å"barbarians† or countries from Northern Europe had large armies with well-trained soldiers. Since Italy relied on mercenaries to do most of the fighting Italy would be taken over by these large, barbaric, armies if there was ever a war between them. So Machiavelli emphasized that a prince should have a free standing army. In The Prince he said, †Mercenaries are useless and dangerous; and if one holds his state based on these arms, he will stand neither firm nor safe; for they are disunited, ambitious, and without discipline, unfaithful, valiant before friends, cowardly before enemies†. . If a prince were to have mercenaries do all the fighting his enemies can overtake him. But if a prince has a large and powerful army he can intimidate his opponents. Other than being the author of The Prince Machiavelli is well know for his political realism. In Machiavelli’s case he believed that some bloodshed was all right as long it proves to be beneficial to the state. If the violence is justifiable then it can make the state stronger. During the time of the Renaissance Machiavelli felt there were no strong leaders within the city-states. His remedy for the Italian people is a leader who is strong, but loved by the people. Machiavelli gives this answer to the question whether it is better to be loved or feared, â€Å"It may be answered that one should wish to be both, but, it is difficult to unite them in one person, it is much safer to be feared than loved. If a prince unties both qualities he will never be overthrown because there is no reason if he is loved and if he were also feared then nobody would want to overthrow him. But the reason why it is better to be feared if the two qualities can not be met is a person who is feared is less likely to loose power than a ruler who is kind.

6 Best Tools to Help New Freelance Writers

Yay! So, you wanna be a freelance writer! Congrats and how exciting. For most people, writing is their passion and if you can make money with your passion, well, people start getting jealous! And your life becomes so much better too! Okay. So, youve decided to get started and to help you become totally successful in this business, I want to share some tools to help you. You need more than your laptop and some notebooks for your writing process. I wish it was that easy, but it isnt if you want to succeed online. Lets look at the six important tools you need to start freelance writing and land some clients. 1. A Service-Based Website If you want to get paid to write online, you need a website! Hands down the #1 tool you need to succeed. But, its not just any website its a service-based website. This is a website dedicated to freelance writing. I have one. Its Innovative Ink and its served me well over the years. A professional website can help you land high-paying freelance writing jobs. It shows your credibility in this fields and it just looks good. This is probably one of your first investment for your business and it should be. You can get started for less than $100, which is pretty cheap when you think about what your parents had to do to start a business way back when. If you are clueless about how to start a professional website, check out my course, Writer Website in a Weekend. I walk you step-by-step on everything you need to get your website up and running to attract clients. 2. Grammarly One of the questions I get a lot from new writers is whether or not they need an editing tool. I say yes! You do. My editing process is laid out in Write Your Way to Your First $1k and one of the first steps is to run your writing piece through an editing app. I use the desktop version of Grammarly for my client pieces and even my blog posts and emails. I like that it shows my grammar errors and then tells me why as well as gives me some suggestions of correct ways. The Chrome Extension for Grammarly is also handy when youre online. When paid annually, its only $11/month, which is a great saving and a need for your business. 3. Contena Contenais a freelance job board that curates jobs from all over online. What I like about Contena is that its the quickest way to find a freelance writing job. I dont have a lot of time in a day. Right now both my twins have fevers and are sick. I have client posts and blog posts all day! Yikes! If I need to find a freelance writing job fast, I just hop into Contena and filter my results to only ones in my freelance writing niche topic (for me its marketing). As you can see, the jobs are high-paying and great quality. Contena can easily pay for itself after one or two jobs on this platform. While this can be a big investment for you, in the long run, if you find quality leads its well worth it. If you think Contena is for you, you can use my special discount code: elna10 and get 10% off any option. If you pay in full you get 20% off plus your coupon will stack on top of that! 4. PicMonkey PicMonkey is an image editing tool for your graphics. Some clients ask you for a feature graphic or you can offer that service for them if you know how to edit images. PickMonkey makes it super easy to do that. You can sign up for a free 7 day trial to see if this is for you. What I like PicMonkey over other image editing tools is their font library and their layer application. First, you pick a template after you sign up. If you cant find the right size, pick any template and then resize it: From here you can add a free stock photo and add a title for your clients post. 5. ConvertKit ConvertKit is an email service provider for bloggers. I feel that freelance writers should have an email list to help them find more clients or network with other freelance writers. When I started my email list for Elna Cain I promoted it for other freelance writers. I wanted to connect with other writers. And I still do! If you eventually want to monetize your blog then an email is a must! ConvertKit is super easy to use and its made for bloggers. You can create multiple incentives to grow your email list quickly and create free courses, a welcome series or sales funnel. If you are interested in starting ConvertKit, you can use my special link and get 30 days for free! Thats one month! You can do a lot during that time! 6. Google Drive Google Drive is a free storage system that synchronizes all their tools together. I like using their: Google Docs Google Sheets Google Slides While clients may have a preference on what you submit to them, a lot of them dont. Lately, Ive been using more Google Docs to write my clients posts. I can share my draft or outline easily with them and get immediate feedback on my process. There Ya Go! If you are brand new to freelance writing, these tools can help you get started. Do you need all these tools right away? Some you do. I feel having a website, a Grammar tool and Google drive important for your biz in the beginning. The other tools can be used once you try to find clients. Tell me in the comments your favorite tool for your freelance writing business!

Eve Teasing.

Eve Teasing. Introductions of shootings related to teasing and solutions to problem I. Change Atmosphere A. Assailants generally rejected B. Psychological damage C. Led to kill tormentors D. Quotes from others 1) Re: Columbine and its shooters- "at least...took a stand" 2) "...it did take guts" 3) "...Maybe it'll make people think next time..." II. Students responsibility A. Intentions always told to peers 1) Usually detailed 2) Rarely taken seriously or reported B. Bethel, Alaska story C. Is it worth risking the lives of the potential victims to protect a reputation? III. Teachers take responsibility A. Listen to students B. Look for signs C. Don't ignore "harmless teasing" D. Great Barrington, Massachusetts E. Take threats seriouslyConclusion- Advancements are there, but there is a long way to go and everyone needs to step upLittle Things Sixteen year old Nicholas Elliot of Virginia Beach, Virginia opened fire on his school with a semi automatic pistol in 1987, he said someone had called him a racist name.English: Hi-Point 995 Carbine 9 mm semi-automatic ...Fourteen year old James Alan Kearby of Goddard, Kansas killed the principal and three others within his school on January twenty- first of 1985. Afterward he reported that he had been brutally bullied and beaten for years proceeding the shooting. After being teased about his weight twelve year old Nathan Farris of DeKalb, Missouri shot a classmate and then himself on 1987. In 1997 fourteen year old Joseph Todd of Stamps, Arkansas shot two students, he claimed to have been humiliated by teasing. (Dedman: "Bullying, Tormenting Often Led to Revenge in Cases Studied"). This merciless teasing tarnishes the souls and reputations of its victims driving them to kill. Adolescents are victims of more crimes then any other age group in the U.S. (Furlong). Even though our federal, state, and local governments all address this issue...

Personal statment Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Statment - Personal Statement Example The successful completion of this course served to whet my appetite for anything and everything connected with medicine and health care. In college I undertook a course in criminal justice. On being drafted into military service, I lost no opportunity to improve my medical knowledge. Thus, I completed the hospital A school, wherein I was exposed to nursing and paramedical procedures. In addition, I gained knowledge regarding cpr phlebotomy. Thereafter, I undertook field medical service school, where I learned triage, field sanitation, trauma care and surgery. Furthermore, I also garnered information regarding hazmat, dental and medical emergencies. These skills enabled me to develop a patient and balanced approach to the sick and injured. Some of these procedures are to be performed in critical situations and my interest and skill, developed right from my childhood, stood me in good stead. I can proudly declare that I have never lost my presence of mind, even in the most demanding situations. On many an occasion, the patient in the field will be severely injured and this could deter many people from providing emergency medical attention. However, I have never been overwhelmed or distressed by the sight of severe injuries. During such encounters, I always view the situation objectively and try to render the best possible medical assistance, to the best of my ability and in the shortest time possible. This trait of mine has been recognized and lauded by my superior officers on several occasions. It has always been my firm belief that providing medical relief to our armed forces is fraught with great difficulty. At present, the US intervenes militarily in many areas of the world. Some of these places are extremely dangerous, and our men face the risk of death or serious injury at every turn. The situation is rendered all the more difficult, due to the difficult and hostile terrain and the lack of proper

Personal Development Planning Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Personal Development Planning - Assignment Example †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦13 Appendices†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...14 Plagiarism and Unfair Practice It is dishonest not to acknowledge the work of other people and you open yourself up to the accusation of plagiarism. All content of this assignment must be your own independent work. No text, code, diagram, or other content (not even a sentence or phrase) should be taken from another source unless this source is referenced. Referenced phrases should be placed in quotes. Each item should be referenced separately. For more information in respect of plagiarism please refer to the University Assessment Regulations at the following web address: http://quality.newport.ac.uk Plagiarism Statement I have read and understood the statement above concerning plagiarism. I confirm that the work attached is my own and that I will follow the College and University Regulations in respect of plagiarism or any other examination offence. ... Louise Hung Total Word Count: 2817 Introduction Every individual in this world has some goals and objectives established for his future which are based on his interests. The educational career is selected on primarily on the basis of these interests and also on the established goals and objectives. These goals and objectives once established serve as the guiding principles in the individual’s life who will devise a set of rules and ideas for achieving these goals. The next step is to lay out a plan for proper execution of these ideas for achieving those goals. I believe in working in the same pattern while deciding about my future goals and objectives and achieving them. Acquiring education is one part of the plan, the other one is developing the right kind of personality which is best suited for achieving those established goals and objectives. Having selected Electrical Engineering as a career based on my interest, my targets which I have set for myself serve as the biggest motivational power for me. I plan to excel in both technical and managerial skills as I plan to establish a business based on electrical engineering knowledge in future. The technical aspect of my plan is being covered by the courses I am taking in university while the managerial aspects are being polished by the way I am spend the extra time I have. I know if I have to achieve my goals I have to develop strong leadership, networking and communication skill in addition to technical skills. My activities in the co-curricular clubs which I have joined help me to master communication, networking and leadership skills by becoming part of certain teams and leading a few of them, this has also taught me how to work in a

Virtualization for Healthcare Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Virtualization for Healthcare - Research Paper Example 1.0 What is Virtual Healthcare? Virtual healthcare is, in a nutshell, any kind of health care that is accomplished through a means that is not face-to-face interaction. Harrop (2001) defines virtual healthcare as â€Å"asynchronicity, outsourcing and anonymity† (Harrop, 2001, p. 244). Demiris (2005) describes a number of different, broad, categories under which health care virtualization would fall. One is that of health care delivery systems, which is where a team of professionals and caregivers are assembled, for the benefit of the patient, and participate in therapy or health care by videophone. This enables a patient, such as one who is homebound, to participate in meetings regarding the patient’s care virtually, without having to leave his home. Another of the broad groups is that of virtual research teams. Virtual research teams concern health care researchers, and this is where the health care researchers communicate and exchange information with one another thro ugh the Internet or other advanced technology. Virtual disease management is another category cited by Demiris. This is where a patient, who has a chronic illness, interacts with health care professionals in an effort for the health care professionals to intervene and communicate with their health care professional. ... Virtual disease management also has, as one its top goals, education of the patient in self-care (Demiris, 2006, pp. 180-181). Virtual healthcare differs from traditional health care in that the patient does not necessarily meet with his or her health-care provider face to face. As indicated below, this has a number of advantages with regards to costs, yet also has a number of disadvantages when compared against traditional face-to-face healthcare. 2.0 Examples of Virtual Healthcare There are many different examples that may be used to illustrate some of the benefits and uses of virtual health care. One such is the concept of telehome care. This is where a patient accesses, from his or her home, audio and video data between the patient and the health care provider, such as a nurse. This visit is facilitated by such hands-on devices, such as stethoscopes, blood pressure readings, wounds dressing, and auscultation (Shea et al., 2008, p. 136). These different readings are performed by t he patient or the care-giver with the supervision of the nurse, who appears through the patient’s audio or video set, and is also on hand to answer any questions that the patient might have about his or her care (Shea et al., 2008, p. 136). The University of Cyprus, in the Eurasian country of Cyprus, has innovated a virtual health-care system called DITIS, which is a Network for Medical Collaboration (Pitsillides et al., 2008, p. 1). DITIS was originally developed so that the difficulties in communication and continuity of care between a home health multidisciplinary team, and the team and an oncologist, could be addressed (Jossif, 2005, pp. 6-7). DITIS is a team that consists of a variety of different providers and family members, such as a social worker,

Reptile and Bird Eggs: An Introduction

Reptile and Bird Eggs: An Introduction For a long time now scientist have been studying all types of reptiles since before man walked the earth. When comparing todays modern reptile eggs, and bird eggs we see many differences that are still being studied. Birds are almost found everywhere, while most reptile are only in specific location. They both lay eggs that are diverse internally and externally. We will look at different species of birds and reptiles to find out more about their extraordinary reproductive system and the eggs themselves. Birds Feathered, winged egg laying vertebrates. (Irie, 2010) Approximately 10,000 living species (Deeming, 2007) The only branch of dinosaurs to have survived the Cretaceous Paleogene extinction 65.5 million years ago. (Dolnik, 2001) Scientists theorize that birds evolved from dinosaurs. (Dolnik, 2001) Archaeopteryx lithographica  had two strong legs and walked as a bird does. Its skeleton was reptilian and had the feathers of a bird. (Dolnik, 2001) There are two theories as to why feathers would have developed in the evolution of birds. One is that because the ancestors of birds where becoming warm blooded, they needed the insulation of feathers. Another is that they develop because of a need for flight and gliding. (Dolnik, 2001) This capability to fly gave birds the competitive edge as they could travel over greater distances and areas seeking food. This also permitted them to live in places unreachable to other animals. (Deeming, 2007)   Bird Eggs Bird eggs  are laid by females and  incubated  for a time that changes according to the species. (Deeming, D C; Birchard, G F 2007) A single bird hatches from each egg. (Deeming, D C; Birchard, G F 2007) Lay very typical amniote eggs  with calcified shells. (Dove, 2012) Birds brood their eggs until hatching. Some bird species are naked and helpless at birth, and must be fed by their parents; these birds are called  altricial. (Dove, 2012) Some birds lay eggs even when not fertilized (Deeming, 2007) Cormorant eggs are rough and chalky (Dove, 2012) Tinamou  eggs are shiny (Nathan, 1999) Duck  eggs are oily and waterproof (Nathan, 1999) Cassowary eggs are heavily pitted (Nathan, 1999) Tiny pores in a bird eggshell allow the embryo to breathe. (Irie, 2010) The majority bird eggs have an  oval shape, with one end rounded and the other more pointed. (Deeming, 2007) The eggs wall is shapeable(Deeming, 2007) Numerous animals feed on eggs. (Dove, 2012) Humans have a long history of both eating wild bird eggs and raising birds for farmed eggs for consumption. (Dove, 2012) Brood parasitism  occurs in birds when one species lays its eggs in the nest of another. In some cases, the hosts eggs are removed or eaten by the female, or expelled by her chick. (Irie, 2010) Reptiles Reptiles  are members of the  class  Reptilia  comprising the  amniotes  that are neither  birds  nor  mammals. (Rafferty, 2012) The amniotes are the  vertebrates  with eggs featuring an  amnion, a double membrane that allows the  embryo  to breathe effectively on land. (Dolnik, 2001) Living reptiles are  cold-blooded  and bear scales. (Rafferty, 2012) Reptiles originated around 320-310 million years ago during the  Carboniferous  period, having evolved from highly developed  reptile like amphibians  that became gradually more adapted to life on dry land. (Dolnik, 2001) There are many extinct groups, including  dinosaurs,  pterosaurs, and ichthyosaurs. (Dolnik, 2001) There are 8,240 species of reptiles in the world, inhabiting every continent except Antarctica. (shine, 1999) Lizards and snakes have a single sheet of overlapping scales. (Rafferty, 2012) Other reptiles grow plates. (Rafferty, 2012) The main purpose of the skin is to keep water in the animals body. (Shine, 1999) Reptiles can go without water for long periods, and many species prosper in deserts. (Shine, 1999) Reptiles, like birds, have deliberate control over the muscles in their eyes, which determine their pupil size. They are able to constrict or dilate their pupils at will, not just in reaction to light. (Dove, 2012) The brain of a reptile is not over 1 percent of his body mass. Unlike amphibians, however, the reptilian brain has two hemispheres. (Nathan, 1999) The nervous systems of reptiles are adequately complex and similar to those of mammals. (Rafferty, 2012) Reptile eggs The eggs laid by some reptiles even smaller, and those of insects and other  invertebrates  can be much smaller still. (Nathan, 1999) Chicken eggs have a hard shell while reptile eggs have a soft, leathery shell. (Qualls, 2002) Large macrolecithal eggs, develop independent of water. (Deeming, D C; Birchard, G F 2007) Like amphibians,  amniotes  are air-breathing  vertebrates, but they have complex eggs including an  amniotic membrane. (Qualls, 2002) Dinosaurs laid eggs, some of which have been preserved as petrified fossils. (Dolnik, 2001) Macrolecital eggs are found in  reptiles(Deeming, 2007) Oviparity is typical of birds and reptiles. (Nathan, 1999) Literature Review Dove (2012). Consumption of bird eggs by invasive Burmese Pythons in Florida. Burmese Pythons have been reported to consume 25 species of adult birds in Everglades National Park, Florida but until now no records documented this species eating bird eggs. Deeming, D C; Birchard, G F (2007). Allometry of egg and hatchling mass in birds and reptiles: roles of developmental maturity, eggshell structure and phylogeny. This article looks at a wide range of birds and  reptiles using regression analysis, In birds, initial  egg  mass (IEM) at laying is the most important factor affecting phylogenetic relatedness. For all  reptile  species, IEM phylogenetic relatedness did not. This article also observed for the relationship between  eggmass and incubation period. Shine, R,(1999). Egg-laying reptiles in cold climates: determinants and consequences of nest temperatures in montane lizards. This article studies reptilian life-history and evolution. Many of these species avoid low incubation temperatures by selecting warm nest-sites, reptiles  may adapt to low-temperature incubation rather than avoid it. Bassiana  eggs  tolerate higher temperatures than do Nannoscincus  eggs, but do not develop as rapidly at low temperatures. Dolnik, (2001) Allometry of egg mass, clutch size and total clutch mass in dinosaurs: comparison with modern reptiles and birds. In this article the author presents for the first time empirical allometrical equations matching the mass of dinosaurs with the mass of their  eggs, clutch size and its total mass. Contrast of these equations with those that were planned for modern taxa of  reptiles  and birds shows that dinosaurs can be characterized by intermediate value of allometry index. Nathan, R, and Y. L. Werner (1999). Reptiles and breeding birds on Mt. Hermon: Patterns of altitudinal distribution and species richness This article reviews and analyzes the altitudinal distribution of  reptiles  and breeding  birds on Mt. Hermon over the distance of 2814 m. Species diversity was larger in breeding  birds  than in  reptiles  , declining with rising altitude in both groups, but more sharply so in  birds. The scientist explain that the generalization of vegetation arrangement with increasing altitude may explain this variation, because  birds probably better use the three-dimensionality of densely-vegetated habitats that take over low elevations. C. P. Qualls,  R. M. Andrews (2002). Maternal body volume constrains water uptake by lizard eggs  in utero In this article observations showed that some characteristic of retention in the oviductal environment restricts the amount of water eggs can absorb prior to oviposition. This paper presents proof, from two species of  Sceloporus  lizard, supporting the hypothesis that restricted space within the mothers body cavity physically constrains the ability of eggs to expand, and thereby their ability to absorb water. If such a constraint on water uptake is extensive, it can have significant implications for the understanding the costs of reproduction, and the determinants of reproductive output in squamate reptiles. Anthony R. Rafferty and Richard D. Reina, (2012). Arrested embryonic development: a review of strategies to delay hatching in egg-laying reptiles. This article discusses arrested embryonic development connecting the down regulation or cessation of active cell division and metabolic activity, and the ability of an animal to arrest embryonic development results in temporal plasticity of the duration of embryonic period. Arrested embryonic development is a significant reproductive strategy for egg-laying animals that provide no parental care after oviposition. Irie,Toshiaki, (2010). Retinoid storage in the egg of reptiles and birds In this article storage of retinal has been established in  eggs  from a variety of anamniotic vertebrates, but the retinoid-storage state in  eggs  of oviparous  amniotic  vertebrates (reptiles and  birds) has not been clarified in detail. Scientist studied four reptilian and five avian species and established that retinal was commonly stored in their  egg  yolk. In addition, retinal was the major retinoid in reptilian eggs, with only low levels of retinol, while major amounts of retinol as well as retinal were stored in avian  eggs. In equally reptilian and avian  eggs, retinal was frequently bound to proteins, which were assumed to be homologous to the proteins that attach retinal in the  eggs  of anamniotic vertebrates.

The Worst Vacation Of My Life Essay -- Summer Vacation Essays

I used to spend the last part of my summer vacation with my uncle and aunt. As a continuation of a long-ago-established tradition we decided going to York - a small, picturesque tourist town at the seaside, located in the southeastern part of Maine. On the 27th of August, early in the morning we went to my uncle’s car with the entire luggage, prepared to leave and spend a nice, relaxing vacation, far away from the problems of the city. Unfortunately the unpleasant surprises started from the first second of our vacation. To our great disbelief the two front tires of the car were missing, and as later became clear, stolen during the night so at this moment the car was lying on the pavement, like a big wounded animal. I remember that my aunt said that this ought to be an omen of bad luck, warning not to go against your destiny and luck. After several hours repairing the car we, eventually, headed on, ready, for what turns to be the worst vacation in my entire life. However, our lack of luck was not over yet. On our way to the seaside we had a flat tire and after one more wasted hour searching for auto-service and proper repairment we were ready again. Unfortunately, our complete misfortune was still with us. Near Veliko Tirnovo the headway was closed, due to repair works, so we had to turn back a few kilometers and find another, this time not so good way. By this time the day was quickly turning into night. From the car windows I was seeing only the lights coming from the distant villages and the workers hurrying to get home. I thought for a moment, observing those people, that humans are very fragile. They were searching shelter from the coming night in those tiny lights, as they can save them from the perilous dark. ... ...one hospital I understood that she was lucky, because she had no other damages except 3 broken ribs and many bruises all over her body. That accident changed my prospective of seeing things. Long after the vacation I was feeling guilty because I had the chance of helping my aunt, but I failed. I was thinking that if I had not accepted her idea I might have prevented this. For the first time of my life I felt responsible for something. I discovered the meaning of the word â€Å"vulnerable†, and that made me even sicker. I was self-blaming for my inactivity and my helplessness. As the years pass I think that those memories are already left far in the past, that, slowly, I am surpassing them. But the changes are still visible- I am more cautious, knowing that every single moment is bringing certain risk and if I fail to notice it I may easily â€Å"fall from the cliff†.